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- Cromwell, Thomas, Earl of Essex c.
- 1485-1540. English politician who drafted the
- legislation making the Church of England
- independent of Rome. Originally in Lord
- Chancellor Wolsey's service, he became
- secretary to Henry VIII 1534 and the real
- director of government policy; he was
- executed for treason. Cromwell had Henry
- divorced from Catherine of Aragon by a series
- of acts that proclaimed him head of the
- church. From 1536 to 1540 Cromwell suppressed
- the monasteries, ruthlessly crushed all
- opposition, and favoured Protestantism, which
- denied the divine right of the pope. His
- mistake in arranging Henry's marriage to Anne
- of Cleves (to cement an alliance with the
- German Protestant princes against France and
- the Holy Roman Empire) led to his being
- accused of treason and beheaded.
-